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CLINICAL. Definition: acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that demand additional therapy. Note: symptoms are not specific, develop a differential diagnosis. Exacerbations result in increased inflammation within airways, mucous and more gas trapping.Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that disturb normal sleep patterns. Sleep disorders are one of the most common clinical problems encountered. Inadequate or non-restorative sleep can interfere with normal physical, mental, social, and emotional functioning. Sleep disorders can affect overall health, safety, and quality of life. A study showed significant impairment in the quality of ...Oxygen saturation is an essential element in the management and understanding of patient care. Oxygen is tightly regulated within the body because hypoxemia can lead to many acute adverse effects on individual organ systems. These include the brain, heart, and kidneys. Oxygen saturation measures how much …Jul 31, 2023 · Pneumonia is an umbrella term for a group of syndromes caused by a variety of organisms that result in infection of the lung parenchyma. Classification schemata have helped establish the common organisms responsible for each type of pneumonia and helped to formulate treatment guidelines for efficient management, in both inpatient and outpatient ...Initially, bronchiectasis was described in the early 19th century by Laennec. Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent and lifelong widening of the bronchial airways and weakening of the function mucociliary transport mechanism owing to repeated infection contributing to bacterial invasion and mucus pooling throughout the bronchial tree.[1][2][3] Bronchiectasis is ...Acute exacerbations of COPD involve increased symptoms such as cough, dyspnea and sputum production. These exacerbations are associated with increased mortality as well as decline in lung function. Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the preferred method of ventilatory support in respiratory failure secondary to AECOPD.Hypercapnia is the elevation in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) above 45 mm Hg. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a metabolic product of the many cellular processes within the body to process lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. There are a host of physiological mechanisms present which are responsible for the moderation of CO2 …Epinephrine is one of the most commonly used agents in various settings as it functions as medication and hormone. It is currently FDA-approved for various situations, including emergency treatment of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, induction, and maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgeries and hypotension …Dyspnoea (also is known as dyspnea, shortness of breath or breathlessness). The sensation of uneasy breathing and indicates a medical emergency, ; Dyspnoea represents one of the most frequent cardinal symptoms globaly; It is a sensation of lacking of the air and of not being able to breathe normally "Is a subjective sensation which probably develops as a result of the integration of signals ...Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease, representing 5% to 7% of all congenital heart defects. TOF is a conotruncal cardiac defect characterized by a large and anteriorly malaligned ventricular septal defect, an overriding aortic root, and narrowing of the subpulmonary and pulmonary valves.Get ratings and reviews for the top 7 home warranty companies in Gainesville, TX. Helping you find the best home warranty companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Hom...StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. StatPearls [Internet]. ... gas, dust, or fumes and chronic airflow limitation, COPD, and emphysema: the Swedish CArdioPulmonary BioImage Study (SCAPIS pilot). Torén K, Vikgren J, Olin AC, Rosengren A, Bergström G, Brandberg J. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017 ...Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory condition of the lungs. As a progressive condition, COPD worsens over time, making it difficult to breath...Acetazolamide is a diuretic and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor medication used to treat several illnesses. It works to cause an accumulation of carbonic acid by preventing its breakdown. FDA-approved indications include glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, congestive heart failure, altitude sickness, periodic paralysis, and epilepsy. …Aug 14, 2023 · There is a clear increased predominance of COPD in lower-income areas with the above-increased risk factors. This care burden often lands on those providing emergency care. If the patient has a known diagnosis and is either known to you or can communicate thier diagnosis of COPD, it becomes straightforward to recognize their clinical condition.COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a blanket term that encompasses the following disease: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, refractory asthma, and bronchiectasis. ... StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Oct 17, 2022. Anatomy, Thorax, Lung Pleura And Mediastinum. [PubMed: 30085590] 16.Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an exaggerated defense response of the body to a noxious stressor (infection, trauma, surgery, acute inflammation, ischemia or reperfusion, or malignancy, to name a few) to localize and then eliminate the endogenous or exogenous source of the insult. It involves the release of …Download Now GOLD documents are protected by copyright. A single copy of this document may be downloaded for your own educational use, but copies may not be made for distribution or posted on a website without authorization from GOLD. A significant proportion of adult patients over age 40 who present with symptoms of a chronic … Continue reading "Asthma, COPD, and Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome"The Nursing Professional Development (NPD): Scope and Standards of Practice outline seven roles for NPD practitioners, which are: learning facilitator, change agent, mentor, leader, champion for scientific inquiry, advocate for NPD specialty, and partner for practice transitions. The standards also outline competencies for leadership in standard 12, which states, "the nursing professional ...Pleurisy is a symptom characterized by localized chest pain caused by a disease-causing inflammation of the pleura. Pleurisy can be caused by a primary pleural disease or secondary to a systemic illness. Hippocrates first described "pleuritis" in the 5 century B.C. as "pain in his side, fever and shivering" accompanied by "orthopnea" and tachypnea."[1] Different types of pleuritis were ...Dyspnea, commonly referred to as shortness of breath, is the subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing comprised of various sensations of varying intensity. It is a common symptom impacting millions of people and maybe the primary manifestation respiratory, cardiac, neuromuscular, psychogenic, systemic illness, or a combination of these. Dyspnea can be either acute or chronic with acute ...Oxaliplatin is a platinum-group chemotherapeutic agent commonly used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. In addition to hematological and gastrointestinal side effects, laryngopharyngeal dysesthesia associated with cold …INTRODUCTION. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPDs) are important events that involve sustained worsening of symptoms that are beyond normal day-to-day variations and necessitate change in regular medication. 1 - 3 Exacerbations are problematic as they are associated with rapid loss of lung function, increased healthcare expenditure related to hospital admissions, and reduced survival. 4, 5 ...Common symptoms of AECOPD include increased sputum production, cough and dyspnea as a result of increased airway inflammation, mucous plugging and gas trapping [ 1, 2 ]. Exacerbations of COPD are associated with a mortality of 10% in the hospital, 43% at 1 year and 50% in the subsequent 5 years [ 3 - 5 ]. Exacerbations themselves are ...Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine drug used for the acute treatment of panic disorder, epilepsy, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. The drug also has many off-label indications, including restless leg syndrome, acute mania, insomnia, and tardive dyskinesia. Clonazepam is a long-acting and high-potency benzodiazepine; it behaves as a GABA-A receptor agonist. Benzodiazepines facilitate GABA-A ...In today’s fast-paced world, it is essential to prioritize our health and well-being. For individuals with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary di...Introduction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1] is a common and treatable disease characterised by progressive airflow limitation and tissue destruction. It is associated with structural lung changes due to chronic inflammation from prolonged exposure to noxious particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke.Dyspnea, commonly referred to as shortness of breath, is the subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing comprised of various sensations of varying intensity. It is a common symptom impacting millions of people and maybe the primary manifestation respiratory, cardiac, neuromuscular, psychogenic, systemic illness, or a combination of these. Dyspnea can be either acute or chronic with acute ...Macrolides are a class of drugs used to manage and treat various bacterial infections. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin are commonly used to treat infections like pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis. They are also used in uncomplicated skin infections and otitis media in pediatric patients. Clarithromycin is …This generally includes an acute change in one or more of the following cardinal symptoms: Cough increases in frequency and severity. Sputum production increases in volume and/or changes character. Dyspnea increases. The management of patients with exacerbations of COPD is discussed here. A table to assist with emergency …The muscarinic antagonist is a class medication used to manage and treat numerous conditions, including COPD and organophosphate toxicity. This activity outlines the indications, action, and contraindications for muscarinic antagonists as a valuable class of medications used to manage COPD, organophosphate toxicity, and other conditions. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action ...Status asthmaticus is a medical emergency, an extreme form of asthma exacerbation characterized by hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and secondary respiratory failure. All patients with bronchial asthma are at risk of developing this condition, which may progress and become poorly responsive to standard therapeutic measures.A pneumothorax is a collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleurae inside the chest. The air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse. The degree of collapse determines the clinical presentation of pneumothorax. Air can enter …Acute exacerbations of COPD involve increased symptoms such as cough, dyspnea and sputum production. These exacerbations are associated with increased mortality as well as decline in lung function. Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the preferred method of ventilatory support in respiratory failure secondary to AECOPD.Epidemiology. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, has been the third leading cause of death since 2008 in the United States. 1 It will become the third leading cause of death in the world by 2020.2, 3 COPD prevalence has increased owing to increased longevity and long-term exposure to common environmental risk factors such as inhaled ...DALIRESP is a prescription medicine used in adults with severe COPD to decrease the number of flare-ups or the worsening of COPD symptoms (exacerbations), pronounced ig-zas-er-BAY-shuns. DALIRESP is not a bronchodilator and should not be used for treating sudden breathing problems. DALIRESP 250 mcg is a starting dose for the first 4 weeks only ...Syncope is caused by decreased cerebral blood flow leading to transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, associated with spontaneous recovery. Symptoms like dizziness, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, nausea, and visual disturbances may precede it or occur suddenly with none of the above symptoms. Syncope is a symptom described as …Aminophylline is FDA-approved to treat reversible airway obstruction due to asthma or other chronic lung diseases. This activity illustrates the indications, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects of aminophylline. In addition, it stresses the role of health care providers in meticulously monitoring the drug concentrations to avoid toxicity owing to the narrow therapeutic ...Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a type of positive airway pressure, where the air flow is introduced into the airways to maintain a continuous pressure to constantly stent the airways open, in people who are breathing spontaneously. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the pressure in the alveoli above atmospheric pressure at the end of expiration. CPAP is a way of ...Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine drug used for the acute treatment of panic disorder, epilepsy, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. The drug also has many off-label indications, including restless leg syndrome, acute mania, insomnia, and tardive dyskinesia. Clonazepam is a long-acting and high-potency benzodiazepine; it behaves as a GABA-A receptor agonist. Benzodiazepines facilitate GABA-A ...Haemophilus influenzae disease is a name collectively used for any kind of infection caused by the bacteria called Haemophilus influenzae. They are broadly classified into encapsulated and non-encapsulated types. The encapsulated bacterium is further subdivided into ‘a’ through ‘f’ subtypes based on capsule type. The most familiar …Syncope is caused by decreased cerebral blood flow leading to transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, associated with spontaneous recovery. Symptoms like dizziness, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, nausea, and visual disturbances may precede it or occur suddenly with none of the above symptoms. Syncope is a symptom described as fainting, blacking out, falling out, or "having a spell ...Thiazide diuretics are an FDA-approved class of drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of 3% to 5% of luminal sodium in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. By doing so, thiazide diuretics promote natriuresis and diuresis. Three thiazide diuretics are the most commonly used: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorthalidone, and indapamide. HCTZ and chlorthalidone are FDA-approved for clinical ...Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a treatable disease caused by thrombus formation in the lung vasculature, commonly from the lower extremity's deep veins compromising the blood flow to the lungs. Undiagnosed massive PE can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated in a timely fashion. The diagnosis of PE is based on imaging. Computed tomography of pulmonary arteries (CTPA) and ventilation-perfusion (V/Q ...Jul 20, 2023 · COPD is one of the major leading causes of lung pathology worldwide. Tobacco smoke is the primary cause of the disease. Nicotine and the thousands of other toxic components contained in cigarettes lead to the formation of free radicals, causing alveolar damage. COPD is a general term referring to the combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.Coronary artery vasospasm (CAVS) is a constriction of the coronary arteries that can cause complete or near-complete occlusion of the vessel. In 1959, Dr. Myron Prinzmetal described a different entity of angina than the classic Heberden angina which was originally described in 1772. This vasospastic disease can cause acute ischemia and present anywhere along the spectrum of angina from stable ...A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot obstructs the pulmonary artery or its branches. In deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a thrombus develops within the deep veins, most commonly in the lower extremities. PE usually occurs when a part of this thrombus breaks off and enters the pulmonary circulation. PE rarely occurs from the embolization of other materials into the pulmonary ...Glycopyrrolate, also known as glycopyrronium, is an anticholinergic drug. Glycopyrrolate has been widely used as a preoperative medication to inhibit salivary gland and respiratory secretions. The most frequent reasons for administering anticholinergics include producing an antisialagogue effect, creating a sedative and amnesic effect, and …Dyspnoea (also is known as dyspnea, shortness of breath or breathlessness). The sensation of uneasy breathing and indicates a medical emergency, ; Dyspnoea represents one of the most frequent cardinal symptoms globaly; It is a sensation of lacking of the air and of not being able to breathe normally "Is a subjective sensation which probably develops as a result of the integration of signals ...Albuterol, also known as salbutamol, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Association (FDA) for treating and preventing acute or severe bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease, including exercise-induced bronchospasm. Albuterol is a commonly prescribed bronchodilator used for managing diverse respiratory …Epidemiology. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, has been the third leading cause of death since 2008 in the United States. 1 It will become the third leading cause of death in the world by 2020.2, 3 COPD prevalence has increased owing to increased longevity and long-term exposure to common environmental risk factors such as inhaled ...Hypercarbia is defined by an increase in carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. Though there are multiple causes for hypercarbia, the body is usually able to compensate if the respiratory drive and lung function are not compromised. When this compensation is inadequate, respiratory acidosis results.[1] Many patients with chronic hypercarbia from lung disease and normal renal function will retain ...Thiazide diuretics are an FDA-approved class of drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of 3% to 5% of luminal sodium in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. By doing so, thiazide diuretics promote natriuresis and diuresis. Three thiazide diuretics are the most commonly used: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorthalidone, and indapamide. HCTZ and chlorthalidone are FDA-approved for clinical ...The term 'bronchopulmonary dysplasia' (BPD) was first used by Northway et al. in 1967 to describe a chronic form of injury to the lungs caused by barotrauma and oxygen injury in preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation.[1] Despite significant advances in preterm infant care in the past few decades, including the development of surfactant as well as newer and gentler modes of ...Heart failure (HF) remains a prevailing cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality globally despite advancements in therapies and preventive measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 6.7 million individuals aged 20 or older in the United States are affected by HF. It is anticipated that the prevalence of HF will increase to 8.5 million Americans by 2030.Pneumoconiosis is any lung disease caused by the inhalation of organic or nonorganic airborne dust and fibers. Patients usually encounter these inhalants in the workplace environment, and therefore it is known as an occupational disease. The most frequently encountered types of pneumoconiosis are asbestosis, silicosis, and coal miner's lung. These particles cause inflammation and fibrosis in ......